MOD_CK1_1

Casein kinase 1 (CK1) phosphorylates a wide variety of substrates. There are seven CK1 isoforms in vertebrates that are encoded by distinct genes (α, β, δ, ε, γ1, γ2, γ3) and that are post-transcriptionally processed to yield a number of splice variants (Burzio,2002, Schittek,2014). The existence of multiple isoforms in vertebrate cells makes understanding of their regulation complex and difficult. The enzyme is expressed ubiquitously throughout mammalian tissue and cell lines although different isoforms show subcellular localization within the cytoplasm, nuclei and associated with membranes and the cytoskeleton.

CK1 generally phosphorylate Ser/Thr residues with a primed phosphorylation site or acidic residues at the -3 position (Flotow,1991). Mutations in either CK1 or in CK1 phosphorylation sites are associated with many human malignancies such as altered circadian rhythm (Shanware,2011), neurodegenerative diseases and various types of cancers (Schittek,2014, Cozza,2016).